The Vietnamese government has repeatedly called for the necessity to increase the involvement of the private sector in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) as one key instrument to raise additional resources for TVET implementation, and thus to improve quality and relevance of the training outcome. Accordingly, engaging the business sector in TVET is one of the core approaches to the planned socialization of TVET in Vietnam. In general, there are different models and types of participation by the business community within the TVET sector. For further policy development in Vietnam, we distinguish between the following different modes of business sector involvement in TVET delivery and governance, namely:

1. Enterprise-based TVET institutes (under governance of either state-owned enterprises, private enterprises, or sector associations). 
2. Cooperative (dual) training delivery, combining practical workplace training in enterprises with theoretical training in TVET institutes.
3. Commercial TVET offers, understanding and executing TVET as a business.
4. Other business sector involvement in respect to TVET policy formulation, standards development, assessment, etc.

All these modes of business sector involvement in TVET, which usually occur in parallel, can be effective in raising quality and relevance of training outcomes, and contributing additional resources to the TVET system.